The Higher Education Center Against Violence And Abuse is now known as the Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse (MINCAVA).
The new name more accurately describes the scope of all Center projects and the internet address of the MINCAVA Electronic Clearinghouse on the World Wide Web <http://www.mincava. umn.edu>. The Center now houses both the MINCAVA Electronic Clearinghouse and a new extension of the Violence Against Women Grants Office of the US Department of Justice. See article titled "Department of Justice Website" for a description of this site.
Funds from the Minnesota State Legislature support what is now known as the Violence Education Project (VEP) of the Center. The purpose of the Violence Education Project is the original mission of the Center — to revise the preparation, licensing, and continuing education of a wide range of Minnesota professionals on issues of violence and abuse. The Center re-convened an Advisory Board for the Violence Education Project in October, 1997, comprised of Minnesota practitioners, policy administrators, and higher education faculty and staff. Advisory board members are actively involved with planning and carrying out activities pertaining to the Project. Board and staff members are guided by the report Responding to Violence and Abuse: Educating Minnesota Professionals for the Future <http://www.mincava. umn.edu/taskforce> and currently work to achieve its recommendations through funding the Interdisciplinary Program Grants for Professional Education About Violence and Abuse, working with Professional Teams of individuals and organizations to make policy and licensing changes and maintaining the MINCAVA Electronic Clearinghouse. Each of these VEP projects is described below.
This fall the Center launched the Interdisciplinary Program Grants for Professional Education About Violence and Abuse. In addition to its primary goal of assisting Minnesota professionals in meeting task force recommendations, the grant program has the following four priorities:
I. To improve access to violence-related education for:
(1) students in professional degree programs; and/or
(2) practicing professionals seeking continuing education;
II. To promote interdisciplinary higher education and training initiatives within post-secondary institutions in Minnesota;
III. To promote collaborative projects between community organizations, licensing boards and higher education institutions, and between MnSCU, the University of Minnesota and private colleges and universities, and;
IV. To create sustainable, integrated violence
education programs that will be incorporated into existing
systems and promote structural change within
Minnesota institutions and communities.
Grant proposals are due Monday, February 16, 1998, and grant activities may be carried out through June 30, 1999. Grant recipients will participate in the Center's second Violence Education Training Institute during Fall, 1998, and share their program materials via the Center's MINCAVA Electronic Clearinghouse. To obtain more information about this program, contact the Center or visit the Clearinghouse at <http://www. mincava.umn.edu/rfp>.
Members of the Violence Education Project
Advisory Board are beginning to explore how Professional
Teams for each discipline identified in the task force report
can e
The site now houses a new searchable database
with over 700 entries of print, video, and multimedia
training materials on violence and abuse issues. Contents
include violence prevention curricula for grades K-12,
videos, books, and other materials for educators,
trainers, survivors, professionals, and others. Topics
include dating violence, child sexual assault, sexual
harassment, gun violence, domestic violence, and more.
The Clearinghouse is now linked to the Center's
new research-oriented website, "Understanding the
Link Between Child Maltreatment and Woman
Battering" (<http://www.mincava.umn.edu/link>
- see insert titled
"MINCAVA Special Research Update").
The Center currently is seeking interns.
Interns with the Center receive a financial stipend
and/or higher education credit and have opportunities
to actively participate in a statewide higher
education initiative, learn about numerous violence
education resources, participate in public speaking
and training events, and work on an
internationally recognized World Wide Web site. Contact
the Center to receive an internship application packet.
A U.S. Department of Justice website is now housed
at MINCAVA. The Center has entered into a
cooperative agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice's
Violence Against Women Grants Office (VAWGO) to develop
a "Violence Against Women Resources" website. Even
though it is still in its infancy, the site already
contains several chapters of a Full Faith & Credit publication from
a recent national conference in Albuquerque. These
chapters discuss the enforcement of protection orders across state
and tribal jurisdictions as required under the Violence
Against Women Act. The chapters are now available on-line, as are
articles submitted courtesy of the Battered Women's
Justice Project and VAWnet - the National Electronic Network
on Violence Against Women. You may access these
materials by logging into VAWGO's homepage at:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/VAWGO
and then clicking on the "Resources" button.
Our staff will be advised by over twenty-five criminal
justice and advocacy professionals from around the country.
This Advisory Board will "meet" electronically on a regular
basis and in person once each year to identify key issues the
site will address.
Content development continues in collaboration with
battered women's advocates and government organizations across
the country. Our next major on-line publication project will
be the "Promising Practices Manual" currently under
development by the Washington DC-based STOP (Services,
Training, Officers, and Prosecutors)-Technical Assistance Project
in conjunction with the Department of Justice. The
Center's staff will also be contracting with others around the
country to develop new materials on violence against women that
only will be found online at our cooperative site. U.S.
Attorney General Janet Reno has planned to "visit" the site in
early February.
Jeff Edleson and Andrea Bible continue to co-facilitate
the Applied Research Forum of VAWnet, the National
Electronic Network on Violence Against Women. Until
now, VAWnet has been a pilot project linking nineteen
state coalitions against domestic violence and six allied
national organizations.
On March 8th, International Women's Day, VAWnet will
move onto the Web and expand dramatically. By summer
it will include all 50 state coalitions and a wider range
of national organizations among its members while remaining
a private network. This will bring over 500 people onto
the network for exchanges about their work. Eventually all
50 state coalitions against sexual assault will also join
the network.
The Applied Research Forum, based at MINCAVA,
develops brief research summaries and interpretations of
current research issues. To date, we have developed 11
on-line documents by authors from across North America and
have scheduled more for the coming year. The Applied
Research Forum also facilitates on-line discussions of research issues.
These discussions will expand with the growing number
of participants and greater flexibility offered by the new
web-based design. VAWnet is funded by the U.S. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention and is based in the
National Resource Center on Domestic Violence, a project of
the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence
in Harrisburg, PA.
The Center seeks violence-related syllabi,
scholarly papers, reports, bibliographies, and other
educational and training resources for inclusion within
the MINCAVA Electronic Clearinghouse. The
Clearinghouse serves as a rich source of up-to-date
resources for faculty, trainers, and other professionals
addressing violence education. To submit resource
materials, please contact Karen Zentner Bacig at
the Center.
By telephone: (612) 624-0721
Karen Zentner Bacig joined MINCAVA in September. Karen is currently an Administrative Fellow with the Violence Education Project (VEP). She is a second-year doctoral student in Educational Policy and Administration at the University of Minnesota with a focus on higher education. Prior to returning to school Karen was the Assistant Dean of Students at the College of St. Scholastica in Duluth, Minnesota. Karen comes to the Center with experience in violence prevention, alcohol and other drug prevention, and student affairs-related issues. Karen manages the Center’s MINCAVA web site
Soma Sen Hawkins also joined MINCAVA in September and works as a Content Specialist for the new VAWGO (Violence Against Women Grants Office) website. She has Master’s degrees from Iowa State University in Agricultural Economics and in Community and Regional Planning. She recently worked for Fingerhut’s Corporate Research and Analysis Department. Soma has also volunteered for a number of years in several different battered women’s shelters in both Iowa and Minnesota. She is currently pursuing a Master’s degree in Social Work at the University of Minnesota. With other Center staff, Soma is developing an extension of VAWGO’s website that will provide resources on violence against women for law, criminal justice, and social service professionals.
Robert Lebowitz, Ph.D., a computer consultant specializing in projects on behalf of not-for-profit agencies and educational institutions, has worked with MINCAVA since September. In his current role as technical consultant for MINCAVA staff, he is developing Internet-accessible public information resources including databases and dynamic content Web pages. Robert received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana. His professional interests involve distance learning, multi-media instruction, and database and networking design.
Terri Mazurek began working at MINCAVA in October
and is a Master's student in the School of Social Work at
the University of Minnesota. She will coordinate the
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC)
Research Summaries project. Staff of this project will
develop on-line and print summaries and interpretations of
the CDC's funded research on violence against women
for practitioners and policy-makers. Terri recently finished
her BS in Psychology at Michigan State University. She
conducted research and wrote a thesis titled: "Determining
the Factors that Predict Harm from Pornography: An
Evaluation of Women's Experiences With and Attitudes About
Pornography."
Rachel Roiblatt joined MINCAVA in September and
works as a Content Specialist for the VAWGO website (see
project description for Soma Sen Hawkins). She received both
her BA and MA in Social History from Yale University.
A certified Chemical Dependency Specialist, Rachel spent
four years on the staff of Pride Institute as a clinical counselor,
a researcher, and the Director of Public Education.
Rachel also has extensive experience lecturing,
conducting trainings, participating in grassroots organizing
activities and working with domestic violence and chemical
dependency programs in Israel and France. Now in her
second year of doctoral studies at the University of
Minnesota's School of Social Work, she is continuing to explore
the relationship between chemical dependency and
domestic abuse.
Pat Wright began her position with MINCAVA in
September and is Principal Secretary/Office Manager. She
previously worked for eight years with the University
of Minnesota's College of Veterinary Medicine -
Veterinary Teaching Hospitals. Pat has been involved in the
secretarial field since 1967 and assists Center staff with
correspondence, scheduling, office coordination, provision of resources,
and general office support.
Continuing with the MINCAVA staff are:
Dr. Jeffrey Edleson, Director
The University of Minnesota's Program Against
Sexual Violence is collaborating with the School of Dentistry on
a training project titled "Family Violence: An
Intervention Model for Dental Professionals." Staff are developing
a training curriculum and video to teach dentists and
allied personnel to intervene appropriately with
victim/survivors of family violence. The six-hour training includes
ethical and legal responsibilities, definitions of family
violence, impact of abuse on victims, intervention techniques,
and methods for creating a safe office environment. The
project has been supported by the University's Office for
Student Development and Athletics, the School of Dentistry,
the Trustees of the Minnesota Dental Association, and
the Council on Access, Prevention and
Inter-Professional Relations from the American Dental Association. For
more information, contact Jamie Tiedemann, Director,
Program Against Sexual Violence, at (612) 626-2929. Jamie
has been actively involved with MINCAVA since its
inception and is currently a Violence Education Project
Advisory Board member.
The Child Abuse Prevention Studies (CAPS) Program is
a distance education program sponsored by University
of Minnesota's University College and the School of
Social Work. Courses in this two-level graduate certificate
program are designed for post-baccalaureate and
graduate students as well as social service providers, early
childhood educators, child care workers, child advocates in the fields
of law, law enforcement, and mental and community
health, and others working with children and families. The
CAPS Program was envisioned and designed by a
multi-disciplinary group of faculty from early childhood development,
child psychology, social work, and public health. For the
last three of its five years, the CAPS courses have been
available through the University's interactive television system at
sites throughout Minnesota. Currently, CAPS has sites
in Rochester, Moorhead, Duluth, and the Twin Cities.
To obtain more information about the program, contact
CAPS Director Ann Ahlquist at (612) 625-2742.
After three decades of concerted attention to abused children and almost 25 years of focus on the plight of battered women, it is surprising to find that our society's responses to them are for the most part separate and fragmented. In fact, child protection workers and battered women's advocates often steer clear of each other and sometimes even clash over the best steps to take in creating a safe environment for their clients.
A clear picture of the overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering has yet to emerge from research. Currently we know very little beyond basic statistics describing the overlap often included as a minor finding in research reports. The majority of studies indicate that there is a 30% to 60% overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering in families. In addition, it is estimated that somewhere between 3.3 million and 10 million children in the United States are at risk of witnessing adult domestic violence each year. Studies indicate that witnessing abuse can have a variety of emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical effects on children. Research also indicates that while the majority of perpetrators of child maltreatment are women, men perpetrate the most severe forms of child abuse, including murder (see our website for greater depth on these research studies).
These data clearly establish a link between child maltreatment and woman battering. Yet, we lack an understanding of how these multiple forms of victimization develop and evolve in a family over time. Furthermore, our social institutions often fail to successfully identify and intervene with families where multiple forms of violence exist. The research studies described in this issue aim to add to our knowledge of the overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering and to aid in the creation of safer environments for victims of family violence through more effective social policies and interventions.
The first phase of our research addressing the overlap between woman battering and child maltreatment was funded by the Allina Foundation with additional support from the Center for Advanced Studies in Child Welfare in the University of Minnesota School of Social Work and the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Administrative data on child maltreatment reports made to county child protective services were analyzed. These reports were linked to 172 different families identified by the city police department. Approximately 45% of the families identified by the police had only child abuse reports, while just over 55% had both child physical abuse and adult domestic assault reports. Data analyses sought to reveal how these two groups of families - those with child physical abuse only versus those with dual family violence - differed in regard to family characteristics, family abuse histories, and the responses of child welfare services.
Another part of this research project focused on gaining a better understanding of how professionals working in child protection and battered women's advocacy services viewed the management of cases in which there was an overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Focus groups were conducted with professionals working in the above areas and many themes addressing barriers to practice, characteristics of successful practice, and visions for future practice came out of those discussions. Results of both of these projects are discussed in this newsletter. The long term goal of this research program is to design and evaluate new collaborative arrangements particularly among child protective services, the courts, and battered women's programs.
In 1996, we approached the Minneapolis Police Department and the Hennepin County Children and Family Services to obtain data that might give us a better idea of some of the links between woman battering and child maltreatment reports. The police department agreed to identify families in two different groups - one in which their records indicated police dispatches for incidents of both domestic assault offenses and child abuse offenses (dual violence), and a second group in which their records indicated incidents of child abuse only (child abuse only). These cases were then matched to families in the County data base who had involvement with child protection services (CPS).
Data were compiled about the alleged perpetrators, alleged victims, and the other characteristics of the child maltreatment reports. Alleged perpetrator and victim data included their age, gender, race, disabilities and chemical abuse, and the relationship of the alleged perpetrators to the victims. Child maltreatment case report data included the source of the report, the gender and relationships of adults living in the alleged victim's household, the allegations made, determination of maltreatment, determination of need for child protective services, overall level of risk to victims on the reports, case status at the end of CPS investigation, detailed type of maltreatment determined, severity of determined maltreatment, and services and actions taken if maltreatment or need for protective services was determined. The sample included CPS cases from the first quarter of 1996 back to 1991.
The data yielded 358 cases of child maltreatment linked to 172 families. About 45% of the families were in the child abuse only group, and 55% were in the dual violence group. Our analyses were conducted on the most recent incident of child maltreatment reported for a given family and on some archival data regarding that family's history with child protection for the two years previous to the most recent report of maltreatment. About half of the families in each group had only one child protection investigation in that two years, while the other half had two or more reports of maltreatment.
The findings described here compare the two groups, exploring how they differed. When considering the most recent case only, the following variables significantly differentiated the dual violence versus the child abuse only groups: a) the type of determined maltreatment, b) the level of injury severity, c) the overall risk level, d) the determination of need for child protective services, and e) whether or not a CPS case was opened. The dual violence group had a higher percentage of cases of determined neglect, which included disregard for safety. With regard to injury severity, the dual violence group had a higher percentage of exposure to threatening and dangerous conditions, while the child abuse only group had higher rates of all other levels of the injury severity measure. Dual violence cases represented a significantly higher number of cases assesed as moderate to high overall risk when compared to the child abuse only group. In addition, there were a higher percentage of determinations of need for child protective services and a higher percentage of CPS cases opened for the dual violence group.
When aggregating across all cases for each of the 172 families some other differences emerged. Families in the dual violence group were more likely to have had an allegation of neglect, versus physical or sexual abuse, over the two year period. Over the two years, families in the dual violence group were also more likely to have had at least one moderate to high, versus no or low, overall risk rating. They were also more likely to have had a CPS case opened during this period. Finally there was also somewhat more history of alleged perpetrator drug and alcohol abuse among the dual violence families versus the child abuse only families.
Services provided to these families also differentiated the two groups. While there were no significant differences found on the majority of service delivery and actions taken variables, some stand out. There was higher referral for chemical dependency services for the dual violence group when we looked at services offered at the time of the most recent report. Referrals to the county attorney, though low in number, were significantly higher among those in the dual violence group. When considering all services and actions taken related to the most recent case, the vast majority of those in both groups where a CPS case was opened some services were offered or actions taken. Overall, 89.1% of those in the child abuse only group received some services, compared to 75.5% of those in the dual violence group.
The families studied were identified by the police as being either dual violence or child abuse only cases. The findings reported here indicate that child protection workers - without necessarily knowing of the domestic assault reports by police - assess and serve families where there is also woman battering in a different way than those where there is only abuse identified. They are rating these dual violence cases at a higher level of risk, determining these families to be in need of CPS services and referring these cases for court action with greater frequency. Families where both forms of violence are evident present special challenges to workers and the child protection system as a whole and deserve special attention due to their unique needs.
Allina Health Systems, a large Minnesota-based nonprofit Health Maintenance Organization, has implemented a system-wide initiative to reduce and prevent violence in organizations and communities where it serves patients. Allina sees the prevention of violence as a way of improving the health of the entire community as well as decreasing the $200 million it spends each year on violence related health care. One of the ways that Allina Health Systems and the Allina Foundation are working to meet the challenge of violence reduction and prevention is through the implementation of violence prevention strategies within the health care system by a statewide coalition of health plans, health care and community organizations. The Foundation also awarded nearly $300,000 in its 1996 violence prevention research initiative to fund six different research projects, one of which was the project described above. To learn more about the Allina Foundation you can contact them at (612) 992-3966 or online at: http://www.allina.com.
Studies have increasingly revealed a significant overlap of abuse perpetrated against both women and children in the same families. However, battered women's advocates and child protection workers often hold conflicting philosophies expressed in their differing and even conflicting approaches to intervention. To address this problem, a series of six focus group interviews with 23 child protection service workers (CPS) and battered women's advocates (BW) were conducted to help identify barriers to and characteristics of successful intervention and to lay the groundwork for future collaborative practice. Some of the differing philosophies and practices identified by the focus group participants included:
• CPS workers tend to focus primarily on the safety of the child, while BW advocates focus primarily on the safety and services for battered women.
Based on our findings, recommendations for changes within the CPS system, BW advocacy organizations, and the criminal and civil court systems include:
• cross training
Implementation of these recommendations will help overcome the current fragmentation of the three systems, eliminate gender bias, and combine the expertise of these systems to better serve battered women and their abused children.
On December 3, 1997, the Center held a public forum to engender an ongoing dialogue on the overlap between woman battering and child maltreatment and to present some of the results from the research discussed above. Drs. Sandra Beeman and Jeffrey Edleson presented some research findings to the audience representing child protection services, battered women's services, school social workers, child guidance professionals, and a variety of other social service professionals who work with battered women and their children.
Following the presentation, a six person panel composed of battered women's advocates, child protection workers, and an assistant county attorney addressed questions about moving beyond barriers in collaboration efforts, the pros and cons of collaboration, benefits of cross training, and how to hold perpetrators accountable. Most resoundingly, the panelists and audience members expressed the need for a multi-systems approach to collaboration while recognizing the individual limitations of each system. In order to achieve collaboration between these systems and to establish a working understanding of the overlap between woman battering and child maltreatment, the participants identified several needs:
• collaboration efforts on all levels, especially management;
As preparatory steps toward tangible changes in the future, panelists recommended starting to build relationships among one another, convincing leadership to take an active role, and getting law enforcement and the courts on board. The discussion invited many new ideas and voices to address the overlap between services to battered women and their children.
The David & Lucile Packard Foundation's Center for the Future of Children with additional support from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station is currently supporting a two-year research project which extends the work of the earlier research. This latest project is exploring the development of the overlap of abuse in the families and how services and other sources of support are utilized by battered women.
Approximately 200 battered women whose children have been involved with child protection in Pittsburgh (PA), Dallas (TX), San Jose (CA), and Minneapolis (MN) will be interviewed by telephone in 1998. In addition to the phone interviews, in-depth, face-to-face interviews will be conducted in Minneapolis with another 25 mothers, their children, and available male partners. Pilot interviews in early 1998 will be followed by the nationwide phone interviews soon thereafter.
A unique contribution of this study will be to provide systematic information from the battered women's perspective on the development of both forms of abuse in their families and the adequacy of the social system responses to their situations. A large scale dissemination effort will take place to share findings with policy makers, program designers, and others working with battered women and their children.
The David and Lucile Packard Foundation was established in 1964 by one of the founders of the Hewlett-Packard Company and his wife. The California-based Foundation supports many efforts, one of which is The Center for the Future of Children, established in 1989. The Center has a multidisciplinary applied research, policy, evaluation, and grant-making program "through which it seeks ways to protect, nurture, and improve the lives of children." The staff publishes a journal entitled The Future of Children that focuses on a different topic related to children's welfare and education with each issue. The grantmaking program supports research about, access to, and quality of children's programs and services by funding proposals in the areas of children's health, child development, and child abuse and neglect. More information on the Center and the Foundation may be obtained by calling (415) 948-7658 or logging onto their website at: http://www.packfound.org.
Sandra Beeman, PhD, Assistant Professor of Social Work, (612) 624-1080, sbeeman@che2.che.umn.edu
To find out more, obtain copies of project reports, and stay updated on this research - See our Web site at:
http://www.mincava.umn.edu/link/
where you will find updates about the project, full project reports, other references, and links to related sites.
We want to continue the dialogue generated by the research and the public forum. We are making plans for future forums and other ways to facilitate cross disciplinary work. If you have questions or ideas you would like to contribute please contact us via phone or email. Or by writing to us at:
School of Social Work
Return to top of Winter 1998 Newsletter page
Last modified April 14, 1998 - kzb.
Internship Opportunities
Department of Justice Website
National Electronic Network on Violence Against Women
Call for Resources
How to Contact the Center:
By Mail: Minnesota Center Against Violence And Abuse
386 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108-6142
or toll free in Minnesota (800) 646-2282
By fax: (612) 625-4288
By e-mail: Email Us
MINCAVA staff changes
Cari Michaels, Associate Director
Andrea Bible, Technical Assistance Specialist
Anna Hagemeister, Research Fellow, Research Projects
Jennifer LaPointe, Graduate Research Assistant, Research Projects
Becki Reitz, Graduate Research Assistant, Research Projects
Featured Programs: Minnesota Approaches to Violence Education
Each Center newsletter features two current Minnesota violence education programs. Center staff use this newsletter as
one method of sharing resources among Minnesota educators. To learn more about a featured program, contact the director named in the article;
to feature your program in a future newsletter, contact MINCAVA.
Family Violence: An Intervention Model for Dental Professionals
Child Abuse Prevention Studies Program
MINCAVA SPECIAL RESEARCH UPDATE
The Link Between Child Maltreatment and Woman Battering
BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT
Research Studies Now Complete
Differences Between Families Experiencing Child Abuse Only Versus Those Experiencing Dual Violence
About Allina's Violence Prevention Initiative
From Conflict to Collaboration: Child Protection and Battered Women's Services
• BW advocates sought to hold abusers accountable for their actions, while CPS workers tend to ultimately hold the woman responsible for the safety of the children even when the safety of the woman is threatened.
• Case plans of CPS workers rarely included the male perpetrator of violence in part due to the expectation that other systems, such as the criminal courts, will address the problem.
• The success of case plans in the view of CPS workers, was based on the cooperation of the woman with CPS workers.
• CPS workers and BW advocates saw the need for collaborative relationships and better communication among their own agencies, the police, and the courts. They also saw the need for making the protection of women and children a common goal, for holding male perpetrators accountable for their actions, and for CPS workers to incorporate male perpetrators into case plans. They believed such steps would result in increased safety for abused women and their children.
• ongoing communication and consultation
• integration and coordination of services
Forum brings professionals together
• establishment of a dedicated leadership;
• commitment of resources to the goal of collaboration and integration of services; and
• establishment of a forum for ongoing dialogue among various systems including BW services, CPS, courts, medical professions, law enforcement, and schools.
New Study Underway
The Experience of Families Where Both Children and Their Mothers Are Abused
About the Packard Foundation's Center for the Future of Children
The MINCAVA Research Project Staff includes:
Jeff Edleson, PhD, Professor of Social Work, (612) 624-8795, magd@tc.umn.edu
Annelies Hagemeister, MA, Research Fellow, (612) 624-8796, hagem001@tc.umn.edu
Becki Reitz, MSW, Graduate Research Assistant
Jennifer LaPointe, BA, Graduate Research Assistant
Pat Wright, Principal Secretary
386 McNeal Hall, 1985 Buford Avenue
St. Paul, MN 55108-6142
Copyright © 1997, Minnesota Center Against Violence & Abuse
